Master Spreadsheet Formulas with Confidence
Production-ready formula recipes, financial modeling templates, and step-by-step function guides for Microsoft Excel & Google Sheets.
Explore Solutions by Category
Whether you are building financial forecasts or debugging broken spreadsheets, find the right formula fast.
Finance & Business
Loan amortization, 401(k) compounding, payroll overtime, inventory ROP, and SaaS metrics.
Functions A-Z
Complete syntax, argument definitions, and examples for 25+ core Excel & Google Sheets functions.
How-To Recipes
Step-by-step problem-solving recipes: percentage math, text cleanup, working days, and matrix lookups.
Error Fixes
Fix annoying errors: #N/A, #SPILL!, #VALUE!, #REF!, #NAME?, #DIV/0!, and circular references.
High-Yield Business & Financial Models
Used daily by CPAs, CFOs, Operations Managers, and FP&A Teams.
How to Calculate Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC) and LTV in Excel
Model Customer Acquisition Cost (CAC), Lifetime Value (LTV), Churn Rate, and LTV:CAC Ratio in Excel and Google Sheets for SaaS and e-commerce.
CAC = (Sales + Marketing Expenses) / New Customers Acquired | LTV = (ARPU * Gross Margin %) / Churn Rate How to Calculate Profit Margin, Markup, and Break-Even Point in Excel
Formulas for Gross Margin, Net Margin, Markup Percentage, and Break-Even Unit Volume in Excel and Google Sheets with real business financial examples.
Margin = (Price - Cost) / Price | Markup = (Price - Cost) / Cost How to Calculate Inventory Reorder Point and Safety Stock in Excel & Google Sheets
Calculate optimal inventory reorder points (ROP), buffer safety stock, and automated restock triggers using NORMSINV and spreadsheet formulas.
= (Avg_Daily_Demand * Lead_Time) + (NORMSINV(Service_Level) * SQRT(Lead_Time) * Demand_StdDev) How to Calculate Compound Interest in Excel & Google Sheets (with Monthly Deposits)
Calculate future portfolio value with compound interest and recurring monthly contributions using the FV formula in Excel and Google Sheets.
=FV(rate/n, nper*n, -pmt, -pv, type) How to Calculate Tiered Sales Commission in Excel & Google Sheets
Master marginal tiered commission and flat bracket commission calculations using IFS, VLOOKUP approximate match, and SUMPRODUCT formulas.
=SUMPRODUCT((Sales > Thresholds)*(Sales - Thresholds)*Incremental_Rates) How to Calculate NPV and IRR in Excel & Google Sheets (Capital Budgeting)
Master Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and XIRR formulas for financial modeling, project valuation, and investment returns.
=NPV(discount_rate, cash_flows_yr1_to_n) + initial_outlay Live XLOOKUP Formula Builder
Test and configure exact matches, left lookups, and reverse search parameters visually before copying directly into your spreadsheet.
Interactive XLOOKUP Generator
Configure exact matches, left lookups, and error fallback strings
=XLOOKUP(A2, Employees!$A$2:$A$500, Employees!$D$2:$D$500, "Not Found") Core Functions Reference
Universal lookup, aggregation, and modern dynamic array formulas.
FILTER Function in Excel & Google Sheets (Dynamic Array Filtering)
Master the dynamic array FILTER function in Excel and Google Sheets. Filter ranges by single, multiple, and complex AND/OR criteria.
=FILTER(array, include, [if_empty]) INDEX & MATCH Formula in Excel & Google Sheets (Complete Guide)
Master the classic INDEX and MATCH combo for dynamic 2-way lookups, left lookups, case-sensitive searches, and multi-criteria lookups.
=INDEX(return_range, MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_range, 0)) LET Function in Excel & Google Sheets (Variables in Spreadsheet Formulas)
Assign names to calculation results, eliminate redundant formulas, and boost spreadsheet performance with the LET function.
=LET(name1, value1, [name2, value2, ...], calculation) Google Sheets QUERY Function: SQL-Like Data Analysis (Complete Guide)
Master the Google Sheets QUERY function. Run SQL-like SELECT, WHERE, GROUP BY, PIVOT, and ORDER BY queries directly on your spreadsheet data.
=QUERY(data_range, "SELECT A, B, SUM(D) WHERE C = 'Closed Won' GROUP BY A, B ORDER BY SUM(D) DESC label SUM(D) 'Total Revenue'", 1) VLOOKUP Function in Excel & Google Sheets: Syntax, Examples & Pitfalls
Master VLOOKUP in Excel and Google Sheets. Learn exact match vs approximate match, column index numbering, fixing #N/A, and handling multiple sheets.
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table_array, col_index_num, [range_lookup]) XLOOKUP Function in Excel & Google Sheets: Syntax, Examples & Guide
Master XLOOKUP in Excel and Google Sheets. Replace VLOOKUP, HLOOKUP, and INDEX/MATCH with exact match, wildcard, two-way, and reverse lookups.
=XLOOKUP(lookup_value, lookup_array, return_array, [if_not_found], [match_mode], [search_mode]) Error Fixes & Diagnostics
Locate circular dependency loops, resolve calculation freezes, and enable iterative calculations when intentional in spreadsheets.
Fix misspelled function names, unquoted text strings, missing named ranges, and formula syntax typos causing the #NAME? error.
Fix calculation overflow, negative square roots, IRR convergence failures, and DATEDIF invalid start/end dates causing #NUM! errors.
Diagnose and resolve the #N/A 'Value Not Available' error in VLOOKUP, XLOOKUP, MATCH, and INDEX formulas.
Cheat Sheets & Deep Dives
A curated master reference of the top 30 Excel formulas used daily in investment banking, corporate FP&A, private equity, and accounting.
Master essential keyboard shortcuts for financial modeling speed: toggling cell references ($), jumping arrays, auditing formulas, and formatting.
Understand the key formula differences, syntax quirks, exclusive functions, and array handling between Google Sheets and Microsoft Excel.